It was hypothesized that, relative to the two comparison groups, the extrafamilial group would respond faster on the block that paired “sexual fantasy” and “children.” Also, GNAT scores were expected to correlate with child-related sexual fantasies. All participants completed the Sexual Fantasy-GNAT, a Control-GNAT, and two self-report measures of sexual fantasy. Also, a sample of 26 nonoffenders was recruited from a university in the United Kingdom. A sample of 29 individuals with a history of exclusive extrafamilial offenses against a child and 15 individuals with either a history of exclusive intrafamilial or mixed offenses (i.e., against both adults and children) were recruited from a treatment center in the United States. The present study investigated whether a latency-based Go/No-Go Association Task (GNAT) could be used as an indirect measure of sexual interest in children. Overall, these approaches have made significant contributions to the field complementing self- and clinician-ratings.
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These behavioral methods assess various aspects of NSSI and all have distinct advantages and shortcomings. Several categories of laboratory analogues were identified: NSSI-related stimuli (e.g., NSSI pictures, implicit association tasks, guided imagery), experimenter administered pain stimuli (e.g., cold, heat, pressure, shock, and blade), and self-selected pain stimuli (e.g., cold and shock). We reviewed the behavioral methods that have been developed to assess NSSI tendencies or behaviors over the past thirty-years. Laboratory-based behavioral tasks have therefore been developed to assess NSSI-related behaviors more directly. The majority of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) research has used self- or clinician-rated measures of behavior which (a) are subject to reporting biases, or (b) have limited use in experimental designs which could illuminate causal relationships. Simultaneously, participants use half of their hand strength to depress a vigorimeter at a rate of 40 times per minute. (1974) A blood pressure cuff is affixed to the upper arm and rapidly pumped up to a value of 30mmHg above the previously determined highest measurement (e.g., maximum strength of dominant hand).
#POINT BISERIAL VS POINT MEASURE SKIN#
(1981) Immerse arm(s) in ice bath (typically at 32.5 degrees Fahrenheit (0.3 degrees Celsius)) for a maximum of three minutes, or until intolerable Heat Thermode N/A Heat thermode placed on hand, ranging in temperature from 104-122 degrees Fahrenheit (increasing at a rate of 2-4 degrees per second) until maximum heat is reached or rated as painful Pressure Algometer Forgione and Barber (1971) Algometer placed on fingers and knuckles and then lowered onto skin for a maximum of five minute or until painful Tourniquet Pain Test Sternback et al. (1995) Verbal script describing NSSI scenario in 4 distinct stages: setting the scene, approach to the behavior, the incident, and the consequence Cold Pressor Task Sadler et al. Task Knowles and Townsend (2012) Assesses NSSI arousal (e.g., "self-harm/arousal" "self-harm/sedation") by comparing time taken to classify concepts Self-Injury Guided Imagery Haines et al. The clinical utility of the results is discussed. The present results are compatible with the hypothesis that emotional abuse leads to DSH via self-hatred, but the cross-sectional nature of the study precludes any causal conclusions.
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Self-hatred and CM in the form of emotional abuse may be distinguishing characteristics of female patients with DSH in psychiatric settings. The DSH-group had significantly more positive attitudes towards DSH than the healthy comparison group. The effect of emotional abuse was mediated by self-hatred.
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This study aimed to test whether patients with DSH report more CM, more negative attitudes towards oneself, and more positive attitudes towards DSH than a clinical and a healthy comparison group, and whether the effects of CM are mediated by negative attitudes towards oneself.įemales with DSH and psychiatric disorders (n=34), females without DSH but with psychiatric disorders (n=31) and healthy female individuals (n=29) were compared regarding DSH, CM, attitudes towards the self and attitudes towards self-harm.įemales with DSH reported more emotional abuse and more self-hatred as compared to both comparison groups. Childhood maltreatment (CM) and attitudes both towards oneself and towards DSH may be of importance for the development of DSH. Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is common in clinical populations.